What about identity and meaning? Heraclitus said that one cannot step in the same river twice because it is always changing. One might consider Plato and the forms. If it is the same form in some respects it is the same vessel and in others not. To simplify consider quanta; a quark is a quark by any other name. Is one hydrogen atom the 'same' or the 'same' atom if in a different location as another? What about quantum superposition and entanglement; is that other quanta the same quanta with a different temporal location as if it had two locations yet one essence?
So was the preserved ship Theseus returned to Athens on- rebuilt periodically with new planks, the same ship as the original?
Is there a commutativity for identification such that once can change some parts and still have the same identity- What about the recent pig liver transplant in a human- has his identity changed? Some problems are categorical classification issues as Quine might have noted, based in language groups and meanings rather than in material fact. One regards the Earth as the Earth though Krakatoa erupted yesterday and changed world order a little.
One knows that capital increases much faster than labor and that principle doesn't change. It is a sort of form in the realm of forms and ideas. If the value of labor ever increases faster than capital that would be real, though not random, change.
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