8/27/10

President Obama and Chairman Bernanke From Opposite Ends of Chicago School of Economics?

The Chicago School of Economics is a famous one and Ben Bernanke perhaps it's most famous contemporary representative. It is thus an enigma why the Obama administration supported his reappointment to the Fed. I regard the Chicago school as an outgrowth-artifact of the mid-west organic growth historical phenomena of centralization of beef and commodity processing--it is a circumstantial theoretical basis rather than a rational one.

The Chicago school is for non-intervention by Government in macroeconomics with the belief that the market is naturally stable if government stays out. I quite disagree with that premise, although I believe that monetary policy and government intervention to moderate the general economic equilibrium will have harmful effects. Government role in economic policy should be through specific support of particular business activity and a philosophical definition of the economic interests of the nation. It should have a meta-general equilibrium point of view.

General economic equilibrium today inclusive of the business cycle is founded upon a historical rate of change that is phenomenal, and the assumption that change is implicitly good for employment and economic through-put is out of touch with reality regarding resource limitations and demographic and social facts.

Wealth is created through concatenated private acquisition of sufficient material and material resources for a good life individually while a social rise in standard of living is incidental and follows from the sum of all individual well being. Chairman Bernanke's non-interventionist approach is counter to the basic economic philosophy of the Obama administration.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics

Government since Adam Smith's era should have been moving toward support of basic political parameters that would enable the citizens to best develop particular given economic opportunities for resource development to increase their personal wealth and private property. Government must always be cognizant of the times and circumstances in which the people of the nation cohere and redirect the macro economic center of effort toward the given facts of the day. Such a policy is neither interventionist nor non-interventionist-it is a meta-economic management policy.

With the administration's interventionist and the Fed Head's non-interventionist approaches logically canceling out each other to a certain extent it would seem that nothing should be accomplished. The non-interventionist philosophy would allow in theory an absolute economic dictatorship of corporatists to arise if not offset by the theory that in an unregulated market the general economic equilibrium will naturally move toward utopian harmony with good things for all.

The interventionist approach might be equally as absurd with the government simply running everything through leverage upon corporatist liberty loosely enough to deny that a socialist dictatorship of elites is actualized. Blame room must be allowed so there is an opposite side to point fingers at while the comfortable remains comfortable and the poor are cheap labor.

The present economic engine of the United States is a very leaky vessel with significant holes in it such that it appears swamped or sunk. The holes must be patched to refloat it. A general equilibrium of just pumping out water filling the hull would not in itself be enough; foreign and global outsourcing of jobs, industry, capital and so forth make the center of American economic effort global. A non-interventionist policy will find the rich continuing to pursue their profits globally while doping the poor and middle class with broadcast propaganda politics explaining that the fault is in too much government or too little regulation.

Meta-general equilibrium directions should stop the inflow of cheap labor from abroad; it should restore the Glass-Steagle Act reversed in 1999 volatilizing mortgages. Private property and savings to a certain level should be supported--general equilibrium should be not sought with a constant high rate of non-renewable resource throughput with as many as possible employed in producing and consuming but instead through stability in home ownership and renewable resource use for all individuals. It is desirable that inventive change continues to occur; yet much change is intellectually and abstractly originated rather than just through field evolution such as occurs in developing new sailing components.

Government intelligent design of macro-economic policy advantages for the United States are requisite to pursue goals of full employment, prosperity and resource conservation that are in no way implicit in a non-regulated global economic paradigm. Because the natural economic boundaries of the United States are not coincident with the geographical area of the United States with modern technological capability, too avoid the treason of abnegating U.S.political interest or the equally onerous policy of exploiting nation's and peoples abroad the Federal Government must reinforce national interest boundaries through legislation and intervention of a non-monetarist kind.

Many have said that it isn't the quantity of government that is the problem, it is the quality. That is a fundamentally true though incomplete analysis. If the government simply spends money unintelligently no increase or decrease of that spending will result in an economic improvement in either the short or long run.

8/26/10

Sticky Fingers of the Hierarchical Priesthood

Sticky fingers of hierarchical priesthoods are a sociological fact of history. From Iran and the mullahs of the ulema to the American protestant priestly hierarchy of the airwaves giving over much support to President George W. Bush and protracted foreign wars that employed specific contractors hierarchical priesthoods have tended to advantage their own family interests and cut off any establishment of Christian social credit banks and networks in a priesthood of believers form.

The hierarchical priesthoods are the only game in town though-even the Catholic and Orthodox versions have over associated priestly hierarchies with power politics and politicians. Iran's ulema class of Mohammedan priests exercise and obvious political power--yet that is a sociological trait of priesthoods everywhere that have sought after their own power and financial security first and placed the work of Christ second.

This is not a denouncement of the hierarchical priesthoods though it may seem so--they are the only game in town. One must gather rather than scatter, and they have the ears and wallets of the flock. I simply wish to admonish them to change their ways and seek after the work of The Lord. A Temple priesthood seeking to protect their sociological position of power fundamentally crucified Jesus; to days hierarchical priesthoods have as little interest in power sharing as the Levitical priesthood of the day of our Lord.

If a Christian in America is persecuted socially he basically has nowhere to go. Christian churches are structured as adjuncts of the established economic powers and the priesthoods meet with accepted social, worldly principles for promotion; that is all wrong, for the work of the Lord often requires those that seek after God's will rater than that of social promotion.
Christian church organizations ought to have a vast network of social credit banks that any Christian could contribute too and draw on as needed in actual financial emergencies. Depositing during good times it would be a donation he could never withdraw except in given emergencies. A maximum amount could be deposited such as 2500 dollars, and excess deposits would be considered tithing of the organization for use of others that cannot meet the account limits.

With modern computing power and networking a priesthood of egalitarian Christian believers should be simple to establish, yet the sticky fingers of the hierarchical priesthood is unwilling to relinquish and control of money flow through the churches in which they are already radically over-tithed by 90% according to Biblical precepts. Pervasively vague, amorphous use of church donations commonly leave the faithful with nothing to draw on should they experience financial emergency themselves or move away from a particular church of attendance area. In this era of social mobility and movement the churches are rather stationary with preferred locations catching money from those that attend before moving on. The Christians outside the hierarchical priesthood are thus sheared of any security or investment they may have made ii a worldly sense.

It could be that there is an element of truth to the Mohammedan charges of crusading by our Baptist President George W. Bush. As with the military industrial complex and Halliburton we discern a certain conflict of interest between our Baptist and Protest and select Catholic clergy and foreign war on a rival hierarchical priesthood structure of Taliban or Ulema (in Iran). The desire for hierarchical priesthoods to attain increased political and financial power is obvious.

Hierarchical Priesthoods may be taken over by the state on occasion. The Roman Emperor Constantine made himself head of the church and Christianity a state religion. Peter the Great, the Tsar of All Russians, appointed his own Metropolitan or head of the Orthodox Church, and of course the Ayatollah Khomeini established rule of the Mullahs in Iran as regency for the Twelfth Imam.

There are political evolutions and turmoil in history. Various battles have been waged by church and state to purge society of common heresies that attacked individualism in social conduct and made a commonality of sex and material goods. Yet the desire to increase the political and social individual rights of individuals is another course through the political evolution of pluralism that the founders of the United States supported as well as others through history.

Christian social credit networks that would enable Christians persecuted by corporate networks, radio terror designators, state terror, church terror or challenged by entrees of the menu of existential adversity to have some assurance of relief. The hierarchical priesthoods irregular and variegated, amorphous control of finance and social relief networks quickly reduces challenged Christian in America to begging for help or miracles. Miracles are good things for sure, yet one should not neglect to construct a house for oneself instead of expecting a miracle motel to appear wherever one might need one.

Hierarchical priesthoods could easily adapt to lead the creation of numerous Christian social credit bank networks for money, work, services and other needs perhaps including medical available on a nationwide, interdenominational basis. That they do not and have not made such things exist is a consequence of the sticky fingers of power phenomenon if I am not mistaken. Apologists for the hierarchical priesthood may say that these things already exist, or that the priesthood of believers already exists in some way yet really--where are they? If one was a genius and have a google maps enabled g.p.s. device and a good search engine it would still be difficult to find such structures, networks or establishments.

If one is a tired, hungry, broke Christian in America without an ability to afford to launder clothes just keep walking past those parking lots full of SUV's and talcum powdered employed Christian hierarchical churches on Sunday. They are working to extract donations from the faithful and you won't optimally fit in. Much of the flock is seeking after being the righteous establishment without problems. We sympathize in this quest for worldly security and good places to raise kids. It is our role to look beyond though to the heavenly things that promise more, on Earth we hope to move toward a better ecclesiastical organization that isn't so exclusive. Society often becomes stupid and led by the philosophically retarded though political ambitious-it can't hurt to try to break free the grip of the sticky fingers of politics, establishment economics and hierarchical priesthoods strangling the Christian Church.

In some country Christianity is a thriving thing with a priesthood of egalitarian believers and besides worldly work there is church work for all members as beginners, intermediates or Christians. There are Christian credit banks and in small groups all share a liturgy, sermonizing and doing their share of the work as equal adult Christians. If they want to do more they can tithe or provide extra services to other Christians--and this country's Christians make great ambassadors and missionaries for Christ. I may visit it one day too.

8/24/10

Change Fluid Dynamics of Geo-Thermal Power

Some oppose creating fracturous networks of petite earthquqakes with geothermal power gathering processses. Instead of injectiung water to create steam to power turbines the 10,000 foot deep drill shafts to a 500 degree f Earth temperature realm should be exploited with a differrent heat transfer medium. I like the idea of an encased fluid of a differerent sort.

Oil drilling mud is quite a specialized mixture. There isn't any engineering reason why a new comppound fluid designed for optimal heat gathering could not be nmade and forced into encased drill shafts of a better design to circulate and gather heat to transfer toward the surface for convection and rotation of magnet electricity producing event cycles.

Perhaps the oil industry in the United States could be encouraged to substantially research and upgrade deep heat transfer fluid technology and create an industry that the olil drilling industry perrsonnel would find suitable employment adaptability in. The technology oof geothermal empowerment could create quite a few jobs and power safely if optimally exploited.

postscript...

Greed as the stimulus to create technological progress is important. I think its possible to create a national geo-thermal industry with some substantial advantage for smaller domestic companies through auction construction for federal lands access and legislation for power sales or purchases by municipalities.

The first CEO of what would become Brown and Root got started inventing a new drilling technology early in the 20th century.Later it became the infamous through political cronyism partner of L.B.J. and through Halliburton Cheyney-Bush. One must start somewhere and move the entire fieldof players to less harmful energy toys if possible. Pol,itical corruption will always be a human norm to combat through cleverness.

Race To The Top Second Round Results; States Voting for Obama in 2008 Winners

In geographically unbalanced results for reinforcement of public education, the President's Race to the Top (the N.A.A.C.P. hasn't protested the name) has awarded all the prizes to states voting for Obama in 2008 with the only exceptions being Georgia that went for McCain. The billions go to the haves, while Mississippi can just sing the blues

http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2010/08/mass_named_a_wi.html

http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html

Massachusetts, Delaware, Rhode Island, Hawaii, Maryland, Ohio, New York, Georgia, North Carolina and Florida were winners in the second round. These states could ha been selected as places to invest pac money for Democratic elections as readily as for a public education contest. In the first round Tennessee-a McCain state, was the exceptional winner that wasn't in the Obama corner.

I don't know how to interpret this result, except that it seems prima facia politically biased. Public education in the U.S.A. is far too influenced as might a giant commune be, and yet the alternatives to public educations mediocre race to conformity and political correctness is challenging to upgrade.

It education were substantially privatized the corporate world would come to dominate and we would end up with indoctrinated corporatists pledging allegiance to Chairman Mao Fung Ceo. If public education is to have actual rather than statistical excellence a myriad flowers blooming program should replace the race to conformity at the top program.

Public supported private education corporations (receiving vouchers) should be limited to schools with less than 2000 employees in order that independence, and national business rather than globalists corporate schools, should increase. Excellence in education through small class loads and high quality facilities and educators non too conforming yet able to pass objective quality standards should be the goal of the U.S. Gvernment rather than collectivism as a national norm.

We are disappointed with the extremely politically biased results of the President's race to the top of the public sector indoctrination heap program. If anything, the dumb states need the money more than the rich--concentrating intellectual wealth seems a bad public policy yet one apposite to a member of a Harvard alumni association.

Invent a New Class of Eco-Housing to Build & Sell/Housing Classification Standards

Smaller, better homes-geo domes and concrete monlithic domes with less than 1500 square feet and costing less than 50,000 dollars coould be a new source of employment given special federal zoning and taxation support. Creating a new class of homes in a way similar to creating a new class of war ships could drive energy self-reliance in American homes.

Instead of suporting the construction of any possible kind of war ship from punt size to aircraft carrier, the government should reign in its existential housing support approach and concentrate on the production of small, low cost, low maint, homes with space for garden growing that are ecologically friendly on building materials. Those with lots of cash can build larger things for-themselves.

These newer energy efficient homes should ncollect rainwater, produce electricity wiith wind, solar and fuel cells and ought to be 100% super-insulated. The new eco-class of housing should not have mortgages that can be sold outside the United States alienating economic proximity values. The Government needs some legislation for packaged eco-efficient housing production and probably needs to spend little taxpayer money to encourage conservation of biosphere in home lots and reduction of contemporary housing materials inefficiency standards.

Political Party of Plutocracy vs. Party of Depravity- Election Menu; Good and Evil

Some would justify evil with evil, or deny an objective difference between good and evil--yet that won't work with God. Religious traditions of all sorts have ideas about good and evil, and the Bible too sets forth ideas about good and evil.

Remember the Garden? Eve ate of the tree of knowledge and learned the difference between good and evil. It is an ancient topic.

Of course we do not judge God when we follow God's instructions. From Cicero to Paul we have an idea of good and of evil. We are not of a disposition such as Nietzsche to move /Beyond Good and Evil'. Nietzsche was quite influenced by Zoroastrianism and the division of the world into a battle between good and evil.

God is perfect. Those that argue the God is less than perfect do some perhaps from disingenuous grounds.

In the United States today we have two imperfect political parties; one is a party of plutocracy and the other a party of depravity. We can say quite readily that within the limits of our humble concepts God is better than anything such as is merely temporal and imperfect. We do not imply thereby that God is merely a perfected realization of a temporal vision.

8/22/10

WTC & The Twelver's Progression; Ali, Hosein and the Twelth Emam

A word about the myopia of U.S. foreign policy is in order. For some of us have not invested sufficient time in learning about waves of current affairs overtaking our time like waves of nomads from the high Eurasian steppe of yore annihilating resistance.

Our President’s middle name, Hussein, is that of the grandson of Muhammad of Mecca. Hosein was a grandson of the false prophet Muhammad. He was killed by thousands of warriors outside Baghdad along with his son and retinue at the order of the Caliph. Caliph means successor in Arabic. Sunni means the orthodox way. The successor to Muhammad was Sunni and the killing of Hosein began the alternative Mohammedan sect of Shi’ism.

The problem of the construction of a twelve-story mega mosque near ground zero—an egregious appearance of conflict of political ethical interest that creates substantial strain amongst New Yorkers and concerns across the United States, brings us to wonder about any symbolism in this profit upon the World Trade Center destruction by Mohammedan fundamentalists nine years ago.

Some have said that the mega-mosque is a project of a Shi’a sect rather than the Sunni sect of the Al Qa’eda suicide hijackers. Some have said that they reflect a more quietist brand of Mohammadanism.

What is the Shi’a? Shi means party. The ‘a’ is an abbreviation for Ali-a cousin of Muhammad and the fourth Caliph who was murdered. The Shi’a is the party of Ali.

One historically significant Shi’a sect was known as The Twelver’s after the legendary Twelfth Imam. One group of Sufi Twelver’s roasted captured rivals as shish kabobs in the 1500s. Some Sunni are also Sufi.

The Shi’a believe that the rightful rule of Muhamadanism is through the false prophet and Ali his cousin who married a daughter of Mohammad who bore a son named Hosein-also murdered. The Ummayad were the non-relatives of Muhammad who ruled Mohammadanism instead of the blood line that the Party of Ali-the Shi’a, followed as a separate branch of Mohammadanism. It was a large Shi'a mosque of the eleventh Imam that was bombed in Samara Iraq in 2006 by Al Qa'eda bombers. Politics for Mohammadans may be religion through other means. Establishing internicine targets and boones of contention in N.Y.C. near ground zero may increase the challenges for security if not political self-determination

The Shi’a began their own tradition of heads of Mohammadanism called Emams. The eleventh Imam was the last-he had no son, except perhaps for a hidden son that was set to return one day. The mysterious 12th Imam of the Shi’a gives us pause to wonder about the 12 story mega-mosque planned for construction near ground zero. Is this an end of time symbolism?

The Shi’a developed a policy of lying to deceive enemies and avoid persecution during the time of the sixth Emam. Ja’far al Sadiq called this political and social innovation of dissimulation taqiyeh. With President Obama bearing a name of that of the grandson of the false prophet, we are given more reason to wonder if the quietist policy of political lying has served to conceal the actual motives for building a twelve story mega-mosque near ground zero? In reading a History of Iran (Empire of the Mind) by the British writer Michael Axworthy I encountered several ideas (ref. page 127-128) to add to the mix of confusion regarding foreign policy of the United States in the globalist era. There is a reverse indoctrination and control phenomena in which the interests of actual U.S. citizens at home are significantly degraded and those of foreign interests preferred.

Shi’ists believe that Mohammedans ought to be led by a blood descendent of Muhammad. I protest the use of the phrase ‘submission to God’ or Islam to describe followers of Muhammad. I believe they submit in error to Satan and the powers of worldliness—so I would hardly call them Islamic. That aside, we might wonder if our President being named after Hosein is a change for America’s destiny drawing us further into the middle Eurasian snares set for us by Bin Ladin—the wizard of Os.

Iran is a cognate of Aryan. Long ago the Aryan nation was in Iran. Eventually it became Persia. Persia sprawled down-slope into Mesopotamia and shared a common history with the people of the Tigris and Euphrates for the past three or four thousand years. Before that there was also wandering contact along the high plateau of Iran as it was a crossroads for all points. That makes Iran today and important locale in the junction between India, Russia, China and the Middle East. The United States wants to be careful about bungling over-much into the midst of these peoples.

A kind of romanticism exists based upon ecstatic experience. From the Cult of Dionysious to the Sufism of the 12th century and mystics such as Rumi there are those that have sought a kind of unification with god through love or wine. Sometimes that romanticism is opposed to the insiders ruling in orthodoxy at court or in religious priestly classes sharing social power with nobles. Occasionally the transcending power of liberation existentially through worship of love is a revolutionary political expression. Sometimes romanticism inspires movements such as German fascism to return to the noble spirit of the heart. Romanticism as an irrational movement may produce math death, yet so does the orderly beheadings of the swords of men like Tamarlane who made piles of hundreds of thousands of skulls as a warning to those contemplating civil disobedience.

Salvation through faith in Jesus Christ as fully man and fully God is the only direct way to God. Worldly approaches to God intentionally though ecstatic mysticism such as Sufism or the heyschasm of neo-Platonism would bring one to experience a fervor without grace. Faith in Jesus Christ is a coincidentally rationally supportable way to the non-contingent Being of God.

The underlying worldliness of scientific theory and personal experience may be interpreted as evil, or as fallen and changed into temporality from timeless eternal forms yet one cannot transcend it through bowing to Mecca, calling it illusory, searching for a multi-verse to neutralizing anthropic principle constants fine-tuned to support the existence of life or a search for the spiritual within the worldly. We may find sham (sun) men leaders of orthodoxy that mislead in order to avoid the errors of romanticism or to liberate, yet the only way to avoid moksha, sin, and bondage to a world of sorrows is the Lord Jesus Christ.

There is a popular trend toward belief in a Hegelian kind of secularized god as the Universe evolving to realize itself that might be acceptable to evolutionary atheists for a natural explanation. Ancient Sufi mystics of the 13th century personify some of that intellectual effort in effete U.S. circles to renormalize religious beliefs with the natural world of experience; at the heart of physical being is a transcending spiritual encounter with god. Without approaching God through the narrow gate of faith in Jesus Christ, the broad road leading to destruction lay in the choice to sample a sector of the Universe of experience in a mystical way and call that god.

The United States finds itself heavily invested in Iraq and Afghanistan attempting to transfer an ideal democratic reformation upon those nations while simultaneously running vast current accounts deficits at home with a great divide between the visions of the two major political parties for the right course for the nation to take on economic development and taxation. Each party has a wrong idea for macro-economic policy yet that is outside the scope of this essay. In Iraq and Afghanistan we face a disconformity between our ideas for development of those nations and the actual historical and political forces that exist within and without those nations. Such an inconsistent appraisal doesn’t add up to likelihood for successful actualization of policy.

Abu Abbas started the Abbasid Caliphate. The President of the P.L.O. Mahmoud Abbas was invited to talks with Prime Minister of Israel Netanyahu by the Obama administration. Since we have withdrawn all but 50,000 troops from Iraq and a zillion contractors spending billions and billions, this seems like a propitious time to move toward establishing a peace without cooperation of Hamas (means violence) in the Palestinian areas of former Israeli possessions on the West Bank and the Gaza. Is this a meaningful movement toward substantial stabilization with security for Israel and a deescalation of Palestinian violence?

In Iraq the two major parties cannot agree on who the Prime Minister should be. Maliki was one of the major schools of Mohammedanism. Prime Minister Maliki is a Shi’a unwilling to leave office for a rival with more votes but not enough to form a majority. After six months the Presidential election is still unsettled and so is the course of Iraqi history sort of balanced before a phase transition.

We cannot foresee what such a phase transition will bring. U.S. interests there complicate things as the oil contracts for Exxon-Mobil require our presence to reinforce whatever government guarantees the oil. Oil in the U.S.A. perpetuates an anachronistic transportation mode of fossil fuel engines and a misfiring economic engine replete with import deficits. Because of our enmity with Iran we do not want to see the natural rapprochement between the Persian peoples of Iran and the Shia of Iraq develop, and neither would several Arabic elements including Al Qa’eda a radical Sunni reform party opposed to royal Saudi rule perhaps.

The millennial old problem of Shi’a and Sunni fighting over Baghdad or control of a Caliphate will not be solved in a week or two. Some advocate that the Sunni demolition of the World Trade Center should be followed up with construction of a Shi’a mega mosque near ground zero in New York. A more romanticist version of Mohammedanism (Tamarlane was a Mohammadanist) such as Sufi and the popular ancient poet Rumi aka Mawlani (from the 13th century-not Donald Rumsfeld) may connote is more palatable for those lay atheists waiting succor from a religious expression of Darwinianism or at least an organic evolutionary political ethic. A procreative urge of explosive organic union in politics in which salvation may develop through a direct worldliness without concern for an anthropic principle with metaphysical implications seems to be a driving desire of actualizing sublimation in U.S. politics. If only natural impulses worked effectively for political utopia today, such as might exist in a happy bee hive, the troubles requiring constructions of intelligent abstract thought would not be required to overcome immanent environmental and behavioral challenges.

If we believe the lost are leading the lost, perhaps that is so. Like a centipede or Chinese dragon the political evolution of investment abroad in Iraq and Afghanistan occurs in variegated advances and withdrawals turning and twisting with borrowed money and levered funds. Patriotism sparks the engines of military industrial investment now and then though many citizens find it difficult to determine how American interests are secured with the ‘fighting’ over there. Occasional terrorist plots narrowly thwarted by intelligence or dumb luck like when the guys underwear failed to detonate in a plane over Detroit remind us that more should be spent on intelligence and secure and fewer billions on war abroad.

What to do with Iran and Afghanistan and the other stans of Central Asia? We learn that historically invaders tended to take the entire region at once from Ctesiphon and Baghdad to Persepolis and Merv. The United States is rather modest in its invasion plans, yet we spend a lot more than the generations of invaders of the past. We seek security yet haven’t a clue about how to establish peaceful and prosperous societies in the Middle East and on the High Plains of Central Asia. What is worse; our state Department is worth a damn as an ecological economic planner in a hard political environment so they must pursue the econo-phenomenalism of baksheesh or bribery and intimidation to try to put puppets in power.

So in the absence of a known public plan for either Afghanistan or Iraq we have relied upon military and counter-insurgency strengths that would allow a default democratic society to coalesce with our reinforcement. That abstraction is supposed to become so desirable that it will continue after America withdraws its military forces having squandered as many trillions as the public is willing to relinquish to those earning a living spending the trillions. We are skeptical that the entire mission is planned better than the Bush Ii administrations plan for reconstructing Iraq for 5 billion dollars.

Pragmatism , Utilitarianism and Taking a Poisoned Pawn En Passant

  The war in Ukraine, from the Biden-Blinken perspective, is necessary for two or three reasons of a dubious moral character. One is that fu...