Christianity Doesn't Postulate Theistic Structures in Physical Space

 Christianity doesn’t have material structures in space as personifications of God. The rainbow is a reminder from God of quantum physics in the New Testament, yet it isn’t such that it comprises a cosmology. Some reference the Church that is the body of Christ on Earth because Christ cares for the saved who do some of his work. It is a metaphor to explain the unity of the Church. It is not a cosmology. God transcends the physical universe- He is spirit. Material structures shouldn’t be used to understand the theology/theoretical being of God. He is pure spirit and the composition of the universe is less than putty to Him. The Word of God is a reference to a role of Christ (in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God). If one wants a paradigm for understanding that compare Plotinus’ Enneads about The Intelligence. Plotinus wrote a couple of centuries after the Apostle John more or less. I appreciate the reference to existence as “a thought in the mind of God”. There is no structure in the Universe that isn’t contingent being.

Just going on what is written in scripture. I have read the Bible a fair amount the past 65 years so one need trust one’s familiarity with such things. I am happy to learn of serious Biblical scholar opinions that would refute that one point. Certainly Biblical scholars still provide a lot of insight regarding things I didn’t know about the Bible. One might mention Old Testament things like Ezekiel’s wheels (Ezekiel 1: 15-21 and various prophetic descriptions yet the New Testament has none of that. The Revelation has metaphor yet it is challenging to interpret. Martin Luther said it had a lot of straw. Preterists and partial preterists tend to regard the Revelation as referring to the approaching apocalypse of the annihilation of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. The numbers 666 for example; the mark of the beast, is a Jewish reference to Nero. (cf “”666 spells Nero” stems from the gematria (a system of assigning numerical values to letters) interpretation of the name “Nero Caesar” in Hebrew, which translates to נרון קסר (NRON QSR) and purportedly sums to 666″). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTRFJBvB_sw

Bigger than a Bread-box, the Universe Isn't a Neural Network

 The Universe of four dimensions may be an emergent concatenation of quantum entanglements of a primary two-dimensional Universe. It would probably be an error to assume that a Universe could from nothing configure itself in four dimensions as a neural network. It is also perhaps logically incorrect to guess that the Universe appeared from more than four dimensions to start with-as in 11 dimensions or something complex rather than irreducibly simple. God could have issued one dimension and let it double to two and that filled with massless waveicles. When those entangled one and two dimensions have four, inflation and the Big Drum follow with the expanded Universe. Inside black holes four dimensions may reduce to two then one and probably not quite zero dimensions. Expecting a neural network to appear in one organic Universe arising from nothing except the will of God is like expecting evolution to generate a very complex human-type organism from microbes immediately, and that does seem improbable.

Dionysian Post-Modern Liberalism Seeks to Take the Metaphysics High Ground

 Interesting idea-A Finnish philosopher- Jussi Backman writes that anti-liberal theory of reality is arising that allows local, national self-determination of metaphysics points instead of accepting a post-modern idea of liberalism. The conservative approach is supposed to be accepted by Russian President Putin. So Mr. Putin is not only a nationalist seeking national self-realization through history, he is anti-liberal! Evidently N.A.T.O. members need war on metaphysics as well as Russia from a Finnish perspective. Capturing the high ground on the metaphysics battleground might be regarded as a patriotic duty for post-modern liberals in the war of expansion eastward.

Reading Sein und Zeit in translation long ago didn’t provide great illumination for me as Heidegger’s pursuit of the roots of language seemed too located in philology for my preference. Nietzsche was another philologist German searching for something that he found in a sort of science fiction madness of eternal recurrence rendering meaningless the society and its moral values he perceived as ultimately ossified. Sartre’s approach to existence and an account for human behavior through ossified praxis, semiotics and phenomenal dialectical reason seemed more functional and immediate. I don’t regard any of that as metaphysics though, except in a minor, derivative way.

I took a course at coursera named ‘Søren Kierkegaard – Subjectivity, Irony and the Crisis of Modernity’ that was a broad view of society comparing Kierkegaard and Socrates view of social irony and the way the masses are acculturated. Socrates began the process of examining social beliefs and deconstructing them revealing their unsupported basis and incorrect assumptions. The course is somewhat droll from an American perspective and simultaneously brilliant. One encounters the left-wing Hegelians and followers of 19th century German romanticism with their disdain for social morals. I recommend the course for anyone. That last part makes it quite worthwhile.

https://www.coursera.org/learn/kierkegaard

Europeans though seem quite confused about social reality, philosophically. I think Sartre had the analysis right. Europeans have been traumatized by war and were splintered into nations and evolved from different cultures, had a sea of different social classes and economic theories for correcting that (e.g. Karl Marx). Ideas about unifying and overcoming the differences jostled with racism North-South, colonialism, post-colonialism (e.g. Algeria, Kenya, South Africa) and dynastic changes in leadership (e.g. French and german revolutions) brought a lot of self-reflection and a quest for theories to explain it all.

Ortega y Gasset’s ‘The Revolt of the Masses’ anticipated World War Two and examined the effect of new economic effects of modern technology like radio and mass production of cars and such upon society. Europeans have created a lot of theories about ‘metaphysics’ to explain their trans-nationalism and wars of conquest even upon each other as fellow, rival nations, religions and theories. Even evolution is a basis for eugenics theories of supremacy (i.e. fascism) and supports post-modernist interpretations of liberalism that rendered western liberalism a into a kind of Frankenstein’d upgrade to the Cult of Dionysius in the name of Orwell’s soma and a Big Brother State wherein morality and epistemology are entirely subjective phenomena. If one takes western liberalism as originating with Jesus Christ, God (the Jews wanted a king, God wanted Jews to have a democracy, yet because the Jews insisted he sent them Saul who was wandering about trying to find his missing ass, to be their King). Magna Carta and Adam Smith’s economics it is a hard graft of decadent morals of the modern left onto the tree of liberalism to bring it to bare a poisoned fruit that splinters society along lines of traditional moral norms and Dionysian values.

Effacing traditional morality to replace it with post-modern Dionysian liberalism occurs simultaneously with the global concentration of wealth. In the post-industrial global state individualism of the masses conserving their personal wealth is replaced by consumerism and mass indoctrination in marketplace values set by those with no moral boundaries. This notion of western liberalism as an agent of universal global right to power is a cultural imperialism at war on good sense and reason; better suited for a mileau of post-industrial Dionysian liberal use of mind-altering drugs.

Europeans will generate new and surpassing theories of social reality entitling them to run roughshod over Russians and anyone else that seems resistant to their will-to-political power. The problem isn’t with liberal economics or environmental economics and challenges or metaphysics; it is simply in failing human understanding and pragmatism and premises of classical liberalism that is rooted in the properties of rights, and right of property that is the foundation of the American west. Post-modern liberalism is at war on classical liberalism and would concert it into socialism or Dionysian socialism/corporatism. In either case the individual loses the right of self determination as do nations.

Europeans are simply confused about social reality because it concatenates from so many languages and directions. An external unifying opponent tends to overcome the confusion. They invent a challenge and provide a response for themselves- hence the Ukraine conflict that could easily have been avoided and/or solved peacefully with a proper rectification of the carpet-bagging land grab at the end of the Soviet Union that divested Russian of historically Russian real estate.

Determinism, Teleology and Cosmology

 Plainly one may present numerous paradigms for deterministic systems without teleology. There is no necessary relation between a deterministic system and purpose of the system (or is there). Do some believe that a deterministic system must necessarily have a purpose and that from a Creator of the system? It is possible to imagine a computer program as an entirely deterministic system itself that generates deterministic algorithmic programs as sets that have no purpose, obviously.

Given a finite set of construction components there may be a necessity of a determined number of configurations of a system with an initial set. Someone mentioned constructing a square with just three lines. With three lines one may build a triangle in a certain configuration that when viewed seems like it is a square, without being one. With the alphabet one can’t construct hieroglyphs or build an automobile with raspberry jello.

Deterministic systems may certainly exist. The question people with antipathetic positions toward faith might have that they cannot exist is absurd. The effort is to deny that the entire Universe is pre-determined, and that it freely evolves without constraints or limits in it’s course of evolution. It does appear that at least parts of it’s fate is predetermined. Stars have a limited life span of several billion years more or less, the entire initial endowment of mass that is apparently finite will reduce with entropy to either a cold dead condition near absolute zero or be recollected with gravity to a singularity. In either case the temperature might have a phase change to absolute high temperature.

There may be an argument that a predetermined fate of the Universe is not known by humans yet that doesn’t make it so. The fate of the entire Universe is already set; nothing people or other sentient beings living in it can change that.

Of course some might regard the Higgs field entanglement of two-dimensional massless particles given the appearance of three dimensions occurring in space-time as indicative of an unlimited source of Universes and other structures that happen rather like a dream generated by a bubble maker, and those could be regarded as non-determined. Yet of course once they are brought into being they became determined with a set future. The phrase ‘the die is cast’ encapsulates the notion.

Free will may coexist within determinism. Life is a complex phenomenon physically and there is a vast degree of uncertainty regarding physics. It does seem plain that deterministic elements exist and that degrees of freedom exist while the entire Universe phenomenon may itself be determined since its foundation. One doesn’t have answers to the questions about the structure of the Universe or Multiverse that are exhaustive. Christians at least have faith in a Creator.

https://www.udio.com/songs/mTdMFKeB7j9DF8sgdGcdtr

If a program is written to generate whole numbers it is determined to produce while numbers; that is it will not generate the collected works of Shakespeare with annotations, loaves of bread or reasons not to elect Pamela Harris.

It seems wrong to use Norbert Weiner’s work as a strong advocate for necessary nondeterminism. A Google search asking if N.W. supported indeterminism generated this response; “While not definitively stating a belief in or against strict determinism, Norbert Wiener's ideas in cybernetics suggest a view that emphasized predictability within systems, leaning towards a deterministic framework for understanding complex systems like human brains and cultures, rather than strict, unfettered freedom”.

I appreciate the gulf in communication between word and object. The idea that ideas may not be expressed with deterministic exactitude since words are descriptions of observations an dare- approximate descriptions of experience. It is the purpose of words  that concern, and one is venturing into linguistic and analytic philosophical claiming that all knowledge is non-deterministic and physics is non-sense as well. It is a metaphysical inference to extrapolate from human epistemology to the nature and constructions of what humans experience. Utilizing analytic philosophy for the purpose of arguing pro or con determinism is at best a fraction of the right parameters required for inducting some sort of an accurate response to the challenges of the inquiry. Human epistemological uncertainty doesn't mean the Universe itself is nondeterministic. Perhaps one can say that humans may know that they know nothing after jettisoning pragmatism.  ‘What is wisdom to man is foolishness to God.’

Incompleteness theorems don’t equate to non-determinism for the given (Universe for-itself). Humans are elements of pluralism in a monism that IS.

That is the nature of the experience of what is regarded as an entangled field of two-dimensional massless particles that pick up a virtual third dimension in the field. It is the world people exist in though, so that contingent experience is assigned as being real. One need only be poor, freezing or starving, very sick etc to know that one need treat the world as reality.

Reductionism of Materialism Yields Uncertainty

 A problem with materialism is that it tends to dissolve into uncertainty considered with physics reductionism. Dualism compounds the uncertainty. M/Q=U. Materialism divided by quanta equals uncertainty. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z08ci_g9SGg

Reductionism of materialism yields uncertainty at the smallest and largest levels. It probably will always be so. Yet one can mold and fabricate with the given of physicalism from mud bricks to quantum computers and that, ultimately is what materialists love. Philosophically though materialism or physicalism is a reference parameter for words rather than a final destination. Without the Spirit in-dwelling a life resurrection unto life will not occur and the worldly mind that hates God does prevail, and that leads to death. A field tied locally in knots of clove hitches or strings rippling with uncertainty that may be the will of God; that will always be a delimiter of uncertainty running into Godel's limits. Yet the quest for learning is always admired. 

Metaphysical Non-Sense

 I will try to provide an answer without gnostic non-sense yet with sufficient non-sense to qualify as a proto-metaphysical kernal. Metaphysics is something someone does in a gravity protected shelter somewhere near the event horizon of a black hole to contemplate if one is a holographic representation of a higher dimensional universe if they would still be entangled in a real Higgs Field or just one they imagine exists on the basis of inferences of noumena.

Cosmology and Noumena

The noumenon includes all those fermions, bosons and host fields being in and out of space-time that I suspect may be far more complex than science knows. To say that countervailing coefficients of uncertainty may be implicit in pragmatic assumptions about cosmic causality and deep structure is putting it mildly. Even if science is satisfied with the beauty of an explanatory theory it may have an exhaustive and exclusive truth value comparable to those of the third millennium b.c.e.

Fault-tolerant quantum computing moving toward million qubit processing when actualized may provide analysis of structure at an atomic level. Even if more advanced marjorana particle processors delve into quarks and bosons i.m.o. science would be working pejorative reality in a phenomenal virtual box.

“Topological quantum processor uses Majorana zero modes for fault-tolerant computing” https://phys.org/news/2025-02-topological-quantum-processor-majorana-modes.html

Ado About E=mc²

Interesting to consider. Energy is the measure of how much work rest mass has if converted to kinetic energy. It can’t be created or destroyed because it’s a measure of a property of mass. A rest mass’  potential energy is E = mc2. In fusion explosions .07% of mass is converted into other forms and mass is reduced that much.

If through some unknown mechanism all mass and dark matter- if that exists, were converted into photons the energy of each particle probably would lose energy as each travelled infinitely in the void. Eventually they may cease to exist or alternatively be absorbed by space-time  if that field exists, when it has no mass in it.

Nature of Space-Time

I believe space-time is a field in which people are embedded. It is a field with entropy becoming disorganized and that is what is regarded as time.

Incidentally it could be that If the primary fields of the Universe are finite in substance and all are stretching in expansion with entropy disassociating them that could be a reason for the apparent expansion of space time as  the fields themselves add gaps within themselves.  

 Mass happens to be entangled fermion-built entities experiencing entropy while bosons as massless particles in fields experience it less or not at all.

I have walked a fair amount in near total darkness in a forest with sharp dead lower branches sticking out all around. One keeps one's hand out in front to protect the eyes yet sweep for a path through. One can do that with eyes closed; it is all entirely conscious choices without subconsciousness playing a significant role. The subconscious and consciousness are all part of the phenomenon of mind arising from the brain though. Those synapses and neurons are part of one system that consciousness is the awareness of.

Unscientific Generalities on the Etiology of Religion

 I am very cool on archetypes of collective subconsciousness such as Jung developed as a theory. The concept of projections is equally dubious today. As applied to God it conflates history at a massive scale positing a common cause for events and ideas that are mostly lost from history. One tribe may have had a different reason for beginning an idea than another. In the case of Abraham, that wasn't a collective experience. It was an individual, personal encounter. David Rosenberg wrote a biography for Abraham that is a very interesting read.

 https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/502016.Abraham

The Tower was one of Jung’s archetypes as well as a novel by Stephen King. People today ought to be able to sort out their ideas about reality and know what they think about particular aspects of it. There is a tendency toward postulating a common explanation without much basis for a panoply of events that are selected and lumped together. Conscious ideas about reality differ from those of the subconscious and tend to arise from experience and education.  There is a field of study called the history of ideas. Generally they require pretty good support for the origin of ideas in order not to be myths themselves.

Consider the Japanese Shinto religion for example. Where did the idea of Tori-spirit gates arise? I don’t know. Here is a good mythical account though that differs from some sort of common human projection…

A warlord made an heroic last stand in the gate of a wooden fortress on fire. His clan saw his dedication to defeating the overwhelming power of the enemy, yet at last, overcome by wounds he fell to his knees and was then beheaded. His forces were being driven back at the sight of their fallen leader. Just then a great eagle descended from the sky amidst the battle landing atop the gate and the warriors of the fallen hero knew the spirit of the warlord had returned. They rallied and drove back the enemy to the sea. Thereafter the spirit gate was recognized as a place where the spirits of the dead returned to help those still living in the world.

Pagan religion may have each had a different origin. In some cases kings simply declared themselves to be a god. Jews, Christians and Muslims share a common origin of their faith through Abraham and successors that wasn’t a projection of consciousness comparable to the origin of polytheists and numerous other belief systems. It is easy to construct a generality as an explanation for the unknown, yet unscientific.

The Universe Isn't Made of Algorithms

Algorithms occur in an incomplete paradigm where a sum or answer is wanted. Much of the Universe may be in a Algorithms are structures; structures used to process information or data points presented within someone’s lexicon universe. Like D9 caterpillars AI can push a lot of stuff. Is the Universe made of algorithms? No. 

Algorithms exists in the universe though, in some way.
I like the new structure associahedrons used for calculating particle interaction. Quantum entanglement that occurs possibly even at billions of light years distance isn’t likely to perform algorithms, unless a designer made it so, instead there should a direct relationship. rather than a calculating continuum although change seems perpetual from a human perspective.

There are responsive structures in the Universe at some scale greater than the four dimensions of space-time. I don’t believe that is machine learning or deep learning or neural network algorithmic structures.
https://youtu.be/UhG56kltfP4?feature=shared

Fate or Joss

I tend to think of fate as joss. That is whatever occurs happens. My regard is to consider it a post hoc description of what happened.

The Chinese derived joss from a Portuguese term for God. In the Chinese culture it can mean fate or luck.

So I regard fate as a kind of gestalt or complete complex of compresence. A scene such as that in 1812 where Napoleon views a corpse resplendent in an officers uniform on a battlefield and declares “voila, a splendid death!”. That is joss or fate.

Yet as a Christian I believe God has an intention for the world. Details are beyond my pay grade.

Pragmatist Truth Parameters

A Pragmatist Truth paradigm seems to be somewhat of a verficationist paradigm. Socrates said that true belief and knowledge are equivalent. Truth values are found with verification and usefulness of something asserted as fact. That is not the same as saying that such a thing as truth-in-itself exists as a realist entity. Instead it is a neo-realist description.

If one says that AX is Z, and then tests the proposition finding that AX necessitates Z commutatively, and Z works in algorithms just like AX then it is true to say that AX and Z are equivalent.
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Nature Gets Rid of "Things That Do Not Work"?

Nihilism only takes the broken and 'non-working'? Things that exist necessarily work, even corruption? Forever evolving is a natural selection removing just things that don't work from existence? Plate tectonics is getting rid of the Pacific Ocean because it doesn't work and expanding the Atlantic because it does?

The Twin Towers didn't work so nature removed them? Cities destroyed in war didn't work? Peace doesn't work so wars end the terrible decay. Planets shattered by asteroid collisions didn't work, and stars that blast as supernovas just cleanse a galactic parsec of things that don't work? At least Pacific Palisades homes burned in the wildfires were known not to have worked? 

Destruction is recognized by some as creative cleansing. At Auschwitz the gas chambers were for those that did not work as well? German guards walked in under the sign that said 'Work makes you free'. They saw improvement in destroying things that do not work as if they were abortionists ridding the world of fetuses that do not work.

So many things exist and change form, like mountains that became beach sand. Every change and process of being is part of a continuum. Humans alone can choose to work against entropy and for a time prevent destruction. 'Do not go gently into that good night  Rage against the dying of the light' (Dylan Thomas).

Metaphysics

Metaphysics expressed with language should be descriptive and construct images or portraits of the structures that it posits as meaningful or actual. The parameters could be like those of Ortega y Gasset's 'Some Lessons in Metaphysics' that might be described as existential realism, or extrapolations using synthetic considerations about deeper insights into being. I think the criteria for validity is the focus on meaning rather than disapprobation of another point of view on Metaphysics. The quality of insight is what should be regarded.

I have thought about some of the issues concerning scientific proofs of God that some atheists regard as necessary for themselves to believe or for believers to have valid defensible parameters for faith. I won't digress into the philosophy of history and the validity of the Bible and archeology or for them as scientific evidence. I'll continue toward the challenge to find absolute values from within the 'set' of being. Philo of Alexandria described an interesting theology yet realists might ask for a bridge of construction-for Gauss to show how he solved challenging problems, instead of a revealed structure such as Plotinus provided in The Enneads.

Apparently one cannot mathematically process infinite sets of real numbers regardless of Cantor’s diagonalization argument and comparative cardinality. Because God entails all infinity it will be difficult to mathematically ‘prove’ elements one regards as qualities of God. It might also be difficult to create a theorem, as if it were string theory being worked on 30 years so far without end, to make a theory explaining all of God rather than an ‘observable’ portion of God, or an wholistic portrait of God caught in time, like how He was when the wave function collapsed.

Determining the location of one quanta by collapsing the wave function wouldn’t not be sufficient to determine the location of God. For that, if it were possible, it might be necessary to collapse an infinite wave function product of all possible quanta of the universe.

Then, if God as spirit is actually quantifiable as a waveform and that waveform is synonymous with the quanta from the unified field that the universe theoretically stems from the collapse of that wave function could only result in the number of 1 I would think, or perhaps cancel itself out to zero since the summation of locations of the universe content reduced from itself would be nowhere.

A song

There is the additional problem that a wave function can’t be defined for an infinite region of space. Hilbert space allows infinite dimensions yet that won’t transcend the criterion of the former. For an infinite number of quanta and field across an infinite spatial area- even of nothingness, calculating wave functions for an infinite number of quanta wouldn’t be probable.

A while ago the question arose. I will repost the matter for it supports some of the issue of defining 'empty space volume with no borders'. defined because:

The elements of the sets are infinite in number and uncountable, so “adding” them isn’t straightforward.

Even if we attempt to define something like , this wouldn’t “cancel out” infinite quantities but rather produce a value based on specific rules.

Conclusion

Your intuition about symmetry between the intervals is valid when considering their measure (length). However, in the domain of cardinality or infinite sets, subtraction doesn’t yield zero due to the unique properties of infinities in set theory. Let me know if you’d like further clarification or a specific framework (e.g., measure theory, integration, or set algebra) to explore!”

Free Will in Relation to Consciousness and Subconsciousness

Will is contingent upon consciousness. If one has consciousness one may choose to act or not. Some say conscious decisions to act are not made by consciousness, instead they believe conditioning subconsciously determines conscious decisions.

The will exists in the sub conscious and it is free. Otherwise there would be a lower level, more primary set of instructions controlling the sub conscious and a superfluous deceived consciousness.

Consciousness exists supported by the subconscious. It is not possible for human consciousness to keep all of their experience, memories, judgments and history active in conscious thoughts. Instead there is an innate middle ground of intellect that retrieves data from the subconscious in accord with conscious thought and the lesser intelligent yet active and closer related to emotion will.

Will exist as a modified reflection of conscious thought that needn’t be mentally, internally expressed in order to be present and act. It can retrieve subconscious information for consciousness and may also join with conscious thought and be directed by it. An aware mind freely chooses to act. Thought is in harmony with the will and subconscious usually, yet on some occasions they may not. An example may be a conscious choice to act peacefully while the will is to punch an offender as memory informs the mind of dire consequences of taking the latter course

I have heard a song or thought of something I can’t recall like the title of that song, and directed my subconscious to find it. Some time later the right idea appears in my conscious thought.

A human mind is a continuum of conscious, will and sub-consciousness that each have intelligence. Will and subconscious work for the conscious mind. It is a trinity that works.

https://www.udio.com/songs/u9qu6CYDEWTyZih3sjGd1P

Humans May Have Evolved From Rats; Adam and Eve Were Spliced In

 Humans May Have Evolved From Rats Named Purgatoriuos 65 Million Years BC

I had a concentration in history in college and learned a lot from the past. I wouldn’t suggest people can’t learn from the past- 

Agriculture developed when hunting and gathering couldn’t sustain concentrated populations in towns. The transition period was 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. Hunter-gathering was the way of economics before that going back to when people started eating meat as the human line may have evolved from rodents circa 65 million years BC (Adam and Eve were spliced in to an existing human line).

https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/our-earliest-primate-ancestors-rapidly-spread-after-dinosaur-extinction

When people sustained with agriculture could sustain civil organizations with rulers organized wars began. Raiders had something established to attack and civil wars could occur as well for regime change. Organized wars started during the late Neolithic Age too.

https://www.history.com/news/when-did-humans-start-waging-wars

An excavation of Cohokia in St. Louis showed that the preceding ruling dynasty members were ceremonially killed when a new ruling family took over. So it’s an American tradition too.

Metaphysics; What It Is

Metaphysics is an activity. It can use many kinds of tools. It is bigger and smaller, simultaneously, than a bread box while being for-itself.

Free Will; A Binary Question

To be or not to be; that is an example of a binary absolute.In logic and programming there are disjuncts. A logic gate tests for a condition to be on or off. Schrodinger’s cat could live in a state compatible with life and death simultaneously, in theory, until collapse of the wave-function, however that super-position status doesn’t work for all mortal philosophical questions. Either/Or, Neither,/Nor are disjuncts of a sort. One shouldn’t expect philosophy to invariably provide weak, vague, uncertain answers and represent them as Truth because political correctness suggests that constructing ideas that will appeal somewhat to everyone returns the most demographic support.

Free will seems to be a question that cannot support affirmative and negative conditions on the same level, or on all possible dimensions.

It is also the case that people want to defend what they believe and sometimes strongly when they don’t realize they are wrong and are duty bound by themselves to defend their wrong, godless atheist opinions.

Marxism; Good Revolution Organizer for a Bad Economic System

Marxism is a practical idea for organizing revolutionaries that are from underdeveloped countries with concentrated wealth. The masses are led to class consciousness as oppressed, exploited people and brought to revolution with the belief they will share equally the wealth of the ruling class when they are deposed. That idea of upward mobility supports the revolutionary esprit. With victory the economic revolution following becomes a challenge to make productive. Alec Nove wrote a book named ‘An Economic History of the Soviet Union’ decades ago that examines some of the problems for Lenin and Stalin.

Marx had good sociological understanding of wealth in England that was his model. He had poor development of post-revolutionary economic models that would work. That sort of economic theory development has always been troublesome. China for instance is a work in progress that has used much of the economic structure of the West retrofitted onto Maoist socialism.